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measure(independent): triage + per-file batching + two-pass agreement -- 16/20 sites, flicker cut 26 -> 9, 34% cheaper
verify_batched.py replaces the per-candidate verifier's design: - triage per file (no tools): where does the operation's data originate; internal/constant candidates are not verified; - one 6-step hunt per file for up to 6 candidates, a verdict per operation; - two independent passes; only agreement is reported, the rest is "disputed". On the 46-candidate validation set ($1.01): - declared sites: 16 of 20 agreed, 12 of 15 cases (the per-candidate design confirmed 11). Budibase and Froxlor are new; Unleash dropped to one pass of two. winml is triaged out as "constant": a CORS literal, which the reachability question does not fit. - the 26 pgAdmin candidates that flickered between single runs: 2 triaged out, 9 agreed in both passes, 4 disputed, 13 quiet. - $0.022 per candidate for two passes vs $0.033 under the old design; on a file with several candidates, 2.3x cheaper per pass. Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <[email protected]> Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01EmM1j46qgKMh3zqD1QMwEo
This commit is contained in:
Marius Ciepluch
co-authored by
Claude Fable 5.1
Claude Fable 5.1
parent
bad8c7ada4
commit
072a102b20
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{
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"measurement": "verify_batched.py on the 46-candidate validation set (15 declared-site cases + 26 flickering pgAdmin candidates), triage on, 2 passes, 6 steps, $1.01",
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"declared_sites": {
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"agreed": 16,
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"of": 20,
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"cases_detected": 12,
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"of_cases_with_a_candidate_site": 15,
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"newly_found_vs_per_candidate_design": [
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"budibase (both sites)",
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"froxlor listing/listingCount"
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],
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"lost": [
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"unleash fetchRetry (found in 1 of 2 passes)"
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],
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"missed": [
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"winml (triage: constant -- a CORS literal; the reachability question does not fit config_secrets)",
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"fuxa getDaqValue (1 of 2 passes)",
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"froxlor validateIpAddresses (1 of 2)"
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]
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},
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"flickering_pgadmin_26": {
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"triaged_out": 2,
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"agreed_in_both_passes": 9,
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"disputed": 4,
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"quiet": 13,
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"note": "the 9 need adjudication; agreement turns run-to-run noise into a stable set"
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},
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"cost": {
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"usd_per_candidate_two_passes": 0.022,
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"old_design_two_passes": 0.0334,
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"pgadmin_subset_per_candidate_two_passes": 0.0146,
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"old_single_pass": 0.0167,
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"note": "per-file batching: ~2.3x cheaper per pass on a file with several candidates"
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},
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"decision_pending": "full run of all 17 cases with this design"
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}
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"""Stage 2, second design: triage per file, verify per file, report only what two passes agree on.
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The first verifier (`verify_sinks.py`) asked one 6-step tool hunt per candidate function. Measured on pgAdmin
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(verifier-check-2026-09-29.json): $0.014-0.020 per candidate, and on 180 candidates verified twice the two runs
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flagged 15 and 13 with only 2 in common -- single-pass verdicts on borderline candidates flip. This design
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changes three things, each checked against the 15 declared sites and those 26 flickering candidates:
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1. TRIAGE, one no-tools call per file: the file's relevant chunks and its candidate functions, asking where the
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operation's data ORIGINATES. `request`, `parameter` and `stored` go on to verification; `internal` and
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`constant` do not; anything unclassified goes on (a failed call is never a "safe" verdict).
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2. BATCHED verification, one 6-step tool hunt per file for up to `--per-hunt` surviving candidates, with one
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verdict per listed operation. The file read and the caller searches are shared instead of repeated ~5 times.
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3. AGREEMENT: `--passes` independent hunts per file (fresh conversations); a candidate is reported only when
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every pass flags it. Findings from single passes are kept in the record as `disputed`.
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Source only; the stage-1 candidates come from `model_sinks.py`. Results in `~/ousast-results/independent-<vN>-
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<suffix>/scans/` in the shape `evaluate.py` scores; a per-case `.jsonl` makes a stopped run resumable per file.
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EXPLORATORY: v2 is spent for tuning; this qualifies nothing.
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Usage:
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python benchmarks/independent/verify_batched.py [--only ID,...] [--subset sets.json] [--passes 2] [--budget-usd 40]
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"""
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from __future__ import annotations
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import argparse
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import concurrent.futures
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import json
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import shutil
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import sys
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import time
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from pathlib import Path
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HERE = Path(__file__).resolve().parent
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sys.path.insert(0, str(HERE))
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import evaluate # noqa: E402
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from model_sinks import OPERATIONS, chunks # noqa: E402
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from verify_sinks import ACCOUNT_ERRORS, _Recording # noqa: E402
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from openultrasast.config import load_config # noqa: E402
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from openultrasast.model.endpoint import DEFAULT_DETECTOR_MODEL # noqa: E402
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VERIFY = {"request", "parameter", "stored"}
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TRIAGE = (
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"Below is a source file with numbered lines, and a list of functions in it that each {operation}. For EACH "
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"listed function, say where the data used by that operation ORIGINATES, tracing within this file only:\n"
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"- request: an HTTP request (parameters, body, headers, cookies, uploads), a webhook or API payload;\n"
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"- parameter: a parameter of the function whose callers are not in this file;\n"
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"- stored: a database row, file or setting written earlier, possibly from external input;\n"
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"- internal: values the program computes from constants, the operator's environment, CLI arguments or "
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"trusted framework state;\n"
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"- constant: a literal.\n"
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'Answer with JSON only: {{"functions": [{{"function": "<name exactly as listed>", "data_origin": "<one of the five>"}}]}}.'
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"\n\nFunctions: {functions}\n\nFile: {path}\n\n{code}"
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)
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SYSTEM = (
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"You are a security reviewer with repository tools (read_file, grep_repo, find_refs). You are given several "
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"operations in ONE file, each named by its function. For EACH operation decide whether data an attacker "
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"controls -- HTTP request parameters, body, headers, cookies, uploaded or imported content, webhook or API "
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"payloads, values stored earlier from such input -- can reach it without a sufficient guard (validation or "
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"allowlisting, escaping that fits the exact context, parameterization, or a fixed destination). Use the tools "
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"to follow callers and data. Report an operation only if you can state the concrete path from the source to "
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"it. Answer with a JSON array: one object per vulnerable operation with path, line, function_name (exactly as "
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"listed), title and rationale (the source, each hop, and why no guard applies); [] if none is vulnerable or "
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"you cannot establish a path."
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)
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_CLIENT = None
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def _client():
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global _CLIENT
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if _CLIENT is None:
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from openultrasast import tool_hunter
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load_config()
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_CLIENT = tool_hunter.resolve_hunter_client()
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return _CLIENT
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def _relevant_code(text: str, lines: list[int], chunk_lines: int, max_chunks: int = 6) -> str:
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parts = chunks(text, chunk_lines)
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if not lines or any(line <= 0 for line in lines) or len(parts) <= max_chunks:
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return "\n".join(parts[:max_chunks])
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wanted = sorted({min((line - 1) // chunk_lines, len(parts) - 1) for line in lines})
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return "\n".join(parts[i] for i in wanted[:max_chunks])
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def triage(root: Path, path: str, candidates: list[list], family: str, model: str, chunk_lines: int) -> dict[str, str]:
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"""Function name -> data_origin for this file's candidates; a name missing from the answer is unclassified."""
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client = _client()
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try:
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text = (root / path).read_text(errors="ignore")
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except OSError:
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return {}
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names = sorted({fn for _, fn, _ in candidates})
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prompt = TRIAGE.format(operation=OPERATIONS[family], functions=json.dumps(names), path=path, code=_relevant_code(text, [ln for _, _, ln in candidates], chunk_lines))
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response = client.complete(model=model, messages=[{"role": "user", "content": prompt}], tools=[], timeout_seconds=90, json_object=True)
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try:
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items = json.loads(response.content or "{}").get("functions", [])
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except (json.JSONDecodeError, AttributeError):
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return {}
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return {str(i.get("function")): str(i.get("data_origin", "")).strip().lower() for i in items if isinstance(i, dict) and i.get("function") in names}
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def hunt(root: Path, path: str, group: list[list], family: str, model: str, steps: int) -> tuple[list[dict], dict]:
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from openultrasast import tool_hunter
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from openultrasast.complexity.map import Hotspot
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recording = _Recording(_client())
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listing = "\n".join(f"- function `{fn}` around line {ln}" for _, fn, ln in group)
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prompt = (
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f"Operations to judge, all in `{path}`, each of which {OPERATIONS[family]}:\n{listing}\n"
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"The file is above. For each, trace where the operation's data comes from and whether it is guarded."
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)
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spots = [Hotspot(path=path, function_name=fn, score=1.0, band="candidate", signals={}, rationale="model-classified sink", test_hint=None, inventory_finding_ids=()) for _, fn, _ in group]
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found = tool_hunter.run_tool_hunter(root, spots, client=recording, model=model, max_steps=steps, system_prompt=SYSTEM, user_prompt=prompt, context_files=[path], tags=("sink-verifier",))
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names = {fn for _, fn, _ in group}
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rows = []
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for f in found:
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fn = f.function_name or ""
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if fn not in names: # attribute by the nearest listed line when the model renamed the function
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fn = min(group, key=lambda c: abs((c[2] or 0) - (f.line or 0)))[1]
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rows.append({"candidate": f"{path}::{fn}", "site": f"{f.path}:{f.line or 0}:{fn}", "family": family, "title": f.title, "witness": f.rationale[:600]})
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return rows, recording.usage()
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def verify_file(root: str, path: str, candidates: list[list], family: str, args_: dict) -> dict:
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"""One file, in a worker process: triage, then `passes` batched hunts over the survivors."""
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client = _client()
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before = float(client.cost_usd())
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record: dict = {"path": path, "candidates": candidates, "triage": {}, "passes": [], "usage": {}}
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try:
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if not args_["no_triage"]:
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record["triage"] = triage(Path(root), path, candidates, family, args_["model"], args_["chunk_lines"])
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kept = [c for c in candidates if record["triage"].get(c[1], "unclassified") in VERIFY | {"unclassified"} or record["triage"].get(c[1]) not in {"internal", "constant"}]
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record["kept"] = [c[1] for c in kept]
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usage: dict[str, int] = {}
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for _pass in range(args_["passes"]):
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flagged: list[dict] = []
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for i in range(0, len(kept), args_["per_hunt"]):
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rows, used = hunt(Path(root), path, kept[i : i + args_["per_hunt"]], family, args_["model"], args_["max_steps"])
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flagged += rows
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usage = {k: usage.get(k, 0) + used.get(k, 0) for k in set(usage) | set(used)}
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record["passes"].append(flagged)
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record["usage"] = usage
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except Exception as error: # noqa: BLE001 -- recorded; an unverified file is not a clean one
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record["unverified"] = f"{type(error).__name__}: {str(error)[:160]}"
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record["usd"] = round(float(client.cost_usd()) - before, 4)
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return record
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def agreement(record: dict) -> tuple[list[dict], list[dict]]:
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"""(agreed, disputed): flagged in every pass vs in some."""
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if not record.get("passes"):
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return [], []
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by_pass = [{r["candidate"]: r for r in flagged} for flagged in record["passes"]]
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every = set.intersection(*(set(b) for b in by_pass))
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some = set.union(*(set(b) for b in by_pass))
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first = by_pass[0]
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pick = lambda c: next(b[c] for b in by_pass if c in b) # noqa: E731
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return [dict(first[c], passes=len(by_pass)) for c in sorted(every)], [dict(pick(c), passes=sum(c in b for b in by_pass)) for c in sorted(some - every)]
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def main() -> int:
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parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__, formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter)
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parser.add_argument("--population", type=Path, default=HERE / "population-v2.toml")
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parser.add_argument("--only", default="")
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parser.add_argument("--subset", type=Path, help='JSON {case_id: [[path, function], ...]}: verify only these candidates')
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parser.add_argument("--model", default=DEFAULT_DETECTOR_MODEL)
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parser.add_argument("--max-steps", type=int, default=6)
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parser.add_argument("--per-hunt", type=int, default=6)
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parser.add_argument("--passes", type=int, default=2)
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parser.add_argument("--chunk-lines", type=int, default=400)
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parser.add_argument("--no-triage", action="store_true")
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parser.add_argument("--workers", type=int, default=4)
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parser.add_argument("--budget-usd", type=float, default=40.0)
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parser.add_argument("--results-suffix", default="batched")
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args = parser.parse_args()
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load_config()
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evaluate.use(args.population)
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candidates_dir = evaluate.RESULTS.with_name(evaluate.RESULTS.name + "-modelsinks")
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evaluate.RESULTS = evaluate.RESULTS.with_name(evaluate.RESULTS.name + "-" + args.results_suffix)
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out_dir = evaluate.RESULTS / "scans"
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out_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
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only = {c.strip() for c in args.only.split(",") if c.strip()}
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subset = json.loads(args.subset.read_text()) if args.subset else None
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settings = {k: getattr(args, k) for k in ("model", "max_steps", "per_hunt", "passes", "chunk_lines", "no_triage")}
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spent = 0.0
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for case in evaluate.cases():
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if only and case["id"] not in only or (subset is not None and case["id"] not in subset):
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continue
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out = out_dir / f"{case['id']}--vulnerable_a.json"
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if out.is_file():
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continue
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log = out_dir / f"{case['id']}--vulnerable_a.jsonl"
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done = {r["path"]: r for r in (json.loads(row) for row in log.read_text().splitlines()) if "unverified" not in r} if log.is_file() else {}
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spent += sum(float(r.get("usd", 0.0)) for r in done.values())
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record = json.loads((candidates_dir / f"{case['id']}.json").read_text())
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unique = list({(p, fn): [p, fn, ln] for p, fn, ln in sorted(record["candidates"])}.values())
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if subset is not None:
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wanted = {tuple(x) for x in subset[case["id"]]}
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unique = [c for c in unique if (c[0], c[1]) in wanted]
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by_file: dict[str, list[list]] = {}
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for c in unique:
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by_file.setdefault(c[0], []).append(c)
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pending = {p: cs for p, cs in by_file.items() if p not in done}
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started = time.monotonic()
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checkout = evaluate.export(case, "vulnerable_a", case["vulnerable"])
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account_error = ""
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try:
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with concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor(max_workers=args.workers) as pool, log.open("a") as sink:
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futures = {pool.submit(verify_file, str(checkout), p, cs, case["family"], settings): p for p, cs in pending.items()}
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for future in concurrent.futures.as_completed(futures):
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if future.cancelled():
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continue
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rec = future.result()
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if any(code in str(rec.get("unverified", "")) for code in ACCOUNT_ERRORS):
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account_error = str(rec["unverified"])[:200]
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for other in futures:
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other.cancel()
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continue
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spent += float(rec.get("usd", 0.0))
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sink.write(json.dumps(rec) + "\n")
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sink.flush()
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if "unverified" not in rec:
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done[rec["path"]] = rec
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if spent >= args.budget_usd:
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for other in futures:
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other.cancel()
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finally:
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shutil.rmtree(checkout, ignore_errors=True)
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agreed, disputed = [], []
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for rec in done.values():
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a, d = agreement(rec)
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agreed += a
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disputed += d
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triaged_out = sum(len(r["candidates"]) - len(r.get("kept", [])) for r in done.values())
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usage = {k: sum(int(r.get("usage", {}).get(k, 0)) for r in done.values()) for k in ("prompt_tokens", "prompt_cache_hit_tokens", "completion_tokens", "calls")}
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complete = len(done) >= len(by_file) and not account_error
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result = {
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"root": "/case", "families": [case["family"]], "questions": len(unique), "completed": sum(len(r["candidates"]) for r in done.values()),
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"completed_regions": sorted(f"{c[0]}:{c[1]}" for r in done.values() for c in r["candidates"]),
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"triaged_out": triaged_out, "passes": args.passes, "usage": usage, "usd": round(sum(float(r.get("usd", 0.0)) for r in done.values()), 4),
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"seconds": round(time.monotonic() - started, 1), "findings": sorted(agreed, key=lambda f: f["site"]), "disputed": sorted(disputed, key=lambda f: f["site"]),
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} # fmt: skip
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if complete:
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out.write_text(json.dumps(result, indent=1) + "\n")
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print(json.dumps({"case": case["id"], "files": f"{len(done)}/{len(by_file)}", "candidates": len(unique), "triaged_out": triaged_out, "agreed": len(agreed), "disputed": len(disputed), "usd": result["usd"], "total_usd": round(spent, 4), "complete": complete}), flush=True)
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if account_error:
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print(json.dumps({"stopped": "account", "error": account_error}), flush=True)
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return 2
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if spent >= args.budget_usd:
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print(json.dumps({"stopped": "budget", "spent_usd": round(spent, 4)}), flush=True)
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break
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return 0
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if __name__ == "__main__":
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raise SystemExit(main())
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